The Fund Created to Unwind a Failing Megabank Has a Problem: There’s No Money in It

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by Pam Martens and Russ Martens, Wall St On Parade:

Last week the American Banker published an opinion article by Arthur E. Wilmarth, Jr., the Professor Emeritus of Law at George Washington University. Wilmarth is the man who wrote the seminal book on the continuing threat to financial stability posed by U.S. megabanks – the same ones that blew up Wall Street and the U.S. economy in 2008.

The title of Wilmarth’s article (paywall) is: “The FDIC’s resolution plan for failed megabanks is an empty promise.” The thrust of the article is this: the Dodd-Frank Act was passed by Congress and signed into law in 2010 – 14 years ago. One of its primary goals was to prevent taxpayers from having to rescue megabanks, as occurred in 2008. A key component of that goal is Title II of Dodd-Frank, which provides an Orderly Resolution Plan to unwind failing megabanks that does not require taxpayer or Federal Reserve bailouts. That Plan, in turn, requires a giant pool of instantly available cash, which Dodd-Frank calls the Orderly Liquidation Fund or OLF.

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Stunningly, Wilmarth reveals that there hasn’t been a dime in the OLF since its creation in 2010. Wilmarth explains:

“…the FDIC’s sole source of funding for a Title II receivership is the Orderly Liquidation Fund, or OLF, which the Treasury administers. When Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Act, the big-bank lobby defeated proposals that would have required megabanks to pay risk-based premiums to prefund the OLF. As a result, the OLF has a zero balance. The FDIC must therefore borrow from the Treasury to pay the costs of a Title II receivership that cannot be covered by wiping out the holding company’s shareholders and debt-holders.

“The FDIC has very strong incentives to avoid borrowing from the Treasury to finance the resolution of a failed megabank. Borrowing from the Treasury would raise political red flags by increasing the federal government’s debt burden and signaling that taxpayers might have to pay additional taxes if the FDIC cannot repay the Treasury.”

Since the financial crash of 2008, the U.S. has experienced three serious banking crises. And not once during those crises was the Orderly Liquidation Fund used. The reason is simple. As long as the megabanks can get trillions of dollars in below-market-rate revolving loans from emergency programs quickly created by an obliging Federal Reserve, why would they settle for billions of dollars that involve approval from the U.S. Treasury and public scrutiny.

The first banking crisis since 2008 began on September 17, 2019 when the repo market seized up. In the last quarter of 2019, the New York Fed secretly funneled emergency repo loans cumulatively totaling (on a term-adjusted basis) $19.87 trillion into Wall Street megabanks. As the chart below indicates, just six trading units of the megabanks on Wall Street received 62 percent of that amount. (Unadjusted for the term of the loan, the cumulative total was $4.5 trillion.) The names of the banks and the amounts they borrowed were not disclosed to the public for two years. When the Fed did release the loan data, there was a mainstream media news blackout. Only Wall Street On Parade published the charts and tallied the loan amounts.

Fed's Repo Loans to Largest Borrowers, Q4 2019, Adjusted for Term of Loan

The next banking crisis occurred in March 2020 and was blamed on the COVID-19 pandemic. The share prices of the four largest banks (by deposits) collapsed by as much as 40 to 60 percent between January 2, 2020 and March 18, 2020. (See chart below.) The Fed rolled out the same alphabet soup of emergency lending programs that it had rolled out in 2008 – with the New York Fed once again in charge of the bulk of those programs.

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